Compiled and maintained by Jan Schreiber, Essen, Germany.
Last Updated: July 17, 2008
INTRODUCTION. Approaches to quotation can be naturally
categorized into four main types: (i) The proper name theory was put forward
by Tarski (1933) and Quine (1940). It is the view that
the quotation as a whole must logically be treated as an atomic unit, namely a proper name of its
interior, the quoted expression. (ii) According to the description theory
advocated by Geach (1957), quotations can be analyzed in two steps:
For the basic units of a language (e. g. words or letters), the proper name theory
still holds good, but complex expressions are to be described as concatenations of the
simple expressions. For instance, the expression ‘"man is mortal"’ could be
rendered as ‘"man"&"is"&"mortal"’, where "&"
is the concatenation symbol. (iii) According to Davidson's
(1979)—or Sørensen's (1961),
Künne's (1983) …—ostension theory
of quotation, the referring expression is not the quotation as a whole, but rather the
quotation marks, that can be viewed as pointing devices: They point to a token of the
expression in question. Thus quotation is interpreted as a special case of deferred
ostension.
(iv) While these three theories try to assimilate the reference to linguistic
expressions to the standard reference to nonlinguistic entities, the fourth account (often
called identity theory) maintains that quotation is due to its intralinguistic
character completely unlike any (other) kind of reference. In its "Lagado"
variety the identity theory holds that for intralinguistic purposes, no reference
whatsoever is necessary; the expression that is talked about is "presented"
rather than referred to (Searle (1969), Garner
(1975); the term "Lagado theory" was coined by Binkley (1970)
and alludes to Swift's Gulliver's Travels). The "reference shift" variety of the identity
theory, defended by Frege (1892) and his modern followers, holds that quoted
expressions are used in a special, self-referential way. The role of the quote marks is to
indicate this special use, while the reference is done by the quoted expression itself. This
theory is maybe the closest of kin the medieval notion of suppositio materialis has in
our day.
The proper name theory and the description theory, which is derivative of it, strike most
people as utterly counter-intuitive in the first place. It should be noted, however, that
these theories have never been intended as adequate descriptions or explanations of the
workings of natural language. The point is rather a negative one: From the point of view
of logic, quotation cannot be viewed as some sort of function, hence a quotation must be
treated as logically simple. Most notably, this precludes the possibility of
"quantifying into" a quotation. (That is to say a quantifier outside a pair of
quote marks cannot bind a variable inside.)
The last fifteen years or so have seen a renewed interest in quotation, mainly from the
perspective of the philosophy of ordinary language and linguistics. Due to this shift of
interest, the recent debate on quotation is largely a matter between (different varieties
of) identity theories and ostension theories.
The best concise overview that I know of is Herman Cappelen and Ernest LePore's article in
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (external link).
A more comprehensive overview of recent developments in the study of quotation is provided in Volume 17
of the Belgian Journal of Linguistics, especially in the papers by
De Brabanter (2003) and Abbott (2003).
The book-length studies by De Brabanter (2002) and (for readers of German)
Harth (2000) are also very good starting points.
My own book
might also be of some interest.
Abbott, Barbara: Some Notes on Quotation. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 17 (2003) [special issue on quotation], 13–26. http://www.msu.edu/user/abbottb/notequot.pdf
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De Brabanter, Philippe: Making Sense of Mention, Quotation, and Autonymy. A Semantic and Pragmatic Survey of Metalinguistic Discourse. Available online from the Jean Nicod Institute:
Part 1: http://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/documents/disk0/00/00/04/20/ijn_00000420_00/ijn_00000420_00.rtf
Part 2: http://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/documents/disk0/00/00/04/25/ijn_00000425_00/ijn_00000425_00.rtf
Part 3: http://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/documents/disk0/00/00/04/26/ijn_00000426_00/ijn_00000426_00.rtf
De Brabanter, Philippe: Introduction. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 17 (2003) [special issue on quotation], 1–12.
http://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/documents/disk0/00/00/06/01/ijn_00000601_00/ijn_00000601_00.pdf
De Brabanter, Philippe: Philosophes du langage et autonymie: Une déjà longue histoire. Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage 27 (2005), 1–30. http://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/documents/disk0/00/00/06/00/ijn_00000600_00/ijn_00000600_00.rtf
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