The Third Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics was held as a satellite meeting of the XVI Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics. The meeting was held at the Tokyo Metropolitan University,August 21-23, 1997. Sixty-four registered delegates listened to 32 presentations of original work and participated in several extended discussion sessions.

The Symposium was opened and closed in traditional Japanese style; the violence of the breaking sake barrel and the tranquility of the tea ceremony (cha-no-yu) providing contrasting bookends to an enjoyable meeting.

As the abstracts published here will demonstrate, the quality of the work presented at the Symposia continues to imcrease, reflecting the rising expectations of researchers in this field. A printed volume of extended, two-page abstracts will be published in October 1997. A copy will be sent free of charge to all registered participants and to Technical Group members. If you are not a member and would like a copy of these proceedings, please send an email request.

Most of the meeting, the discussion sessions and opening and closing ceremonies ware recorded on video. If there is interest, copies of the tapes will be made available, at cost. Watch this space for further information on when and how the tapes will become available.

Special thanks to Yasunori Kaneko of Mizuno Corp., who managed the local arrangements in Tokyo with great diligence and apparently limitless energy. Thanks also to Keith Williams, Ton de Lange and Bart van Gheluwe for adjudicating the prizes and to all those who chaired sessions.

Symposium Chairpersons

Dr. Yasunori Kaneko, Mizuno Corp., Osaka, Japan;
Dr. Martyn Shorten, Portland, Oregon, USA

Advisory Board

Dr. E.C. "Ned" Frederick, Exeter Research, Inc., USA
Dr. Axel Knicker, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Germany
Dr. Simon Luethi, Adidas America, Inc., USA
Dr. Gordon Valiant, NIKE, Inc., USA

The generosity of the Symposium's sponsors made it possible to invite guest speakers, to offer travel assistance to presenters who would otherwise be unable to attend and to minimise registration fees. In addition, Adidas International and NIKE, Inc. offerred research prozes for the most significant papers in applied research and basic research respectively.

Applied Research Prize
presented by Adidas International

The $1000 prize for the paper which, in the view of the judges, made the most significant contribution to applied research in footwear biomechanics was awarded to

Basic Research Prize
presented by NIKE, Inc.

The $1000 prize for the paper which, in the view of the judges, made the most significant contribution to applied research in footwear biomechanics was shared by two presenters:

The following list of papers presented at the Symposium is organised by session.

• Click on a session title to go to the list of papers presented in that session.
• Click on the title of an individual paper to go directly to the abstract of that paper.

Files containing the abstracts of all the papers are available from our download page.

Session 1: Impact
Session 2: Invited Speaker
Session 3: Insoles and Inserts
Session 4: Methods
Session 5:Clinical Aspects and Injury
Session 6:Sports
Session 7:Pressure Distribution
Session 8:Running and Running Shoes
Session 9: Structure and Function

Session 1: IMPACT Chairman: Mario Lafortune

1. Mark J. Lake and Mario A. Lafortune.
   School of Human Sciences, Liverpool John Moores Uni., U.K;
   THE INFLUENCE OF UNANTICIPATED CHANGES IN ATHLETIC SHOE MIDSOLE HARDNESS ON LOWER LIMB MUSCULAR PREPARATION FOR IMPACT LOADING.
   
2. Alain Rakotomamonjy, M. Barbaud, M. Tronel, P. Marché
   Laboratoire Vision et Robotique, IUT de Bourges, France
   TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF IMPACT SHOCK DURING RUNNING
   
3. Uwe Kersting, Brüggemann, G.-P.
   Institute for Athletics and Gymnastics, German Sport University - Cologne; Germany
   STEP TO STEP VARIABILITY OF IMPACT FORCES AND REARFOOT MOTION DURING TREADMILL RUNNING
   
4. Ian Wright, R.R. Neptune, A.J. van den Bogert, B.M. Nigg
   Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
   THE REGULATION OF IMPACT FORCES IN RUNNING

Other Sessions

Session 2: Invited Speaker Chairman: Yasunori Kaneko

1. Dr. Sadayuki Ujihashi
   Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Informatics
   THE MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE CUSHIONING ABILITIES OF RUNNING SHOES

Other Sessions

Session 3: INSOLES & INSERTS Chairman: Alex Stacoff

1. Geza Kogler, F.B. Veer, S.E. Solomonidis, J.P. Paul
   Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
   THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIAL AND LATERAL ORTHOTIC WEDGES ON LOADING OF THE PLANTAR APONEUROSIS: an in vitro study
   
2. Paul Fiolkowski, Jeff Bauer
   Biomechanics Lab, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
   THE EFFECTS OF VISCOELASTIC INSOLES ON GAIT KINETICS
   
3. Randall Barna
   Footform Laboratories, Bend, Oregon USA
   NATURAL PLANTAR ANATOMY AND POSTURE;A NEW STANDARD FOR ANATOMICAL FOOTWEAR RESEARCH
   
4. Darren J. Stefanyshyn, Benno M. Nigg, Asra Khan and Veronica Fisher
   Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
   SHOE INSERT CONSTRUCTION INFLUENCES FOOT AND LEG MOVEMENT

Other Sessions

Session 4: METHODS Chairman: Caroline Jordan

1. Alain Rakotomamonjy, M. Barbaud, M. Tronel, P. Marché
   Laboratoire Vision et Robotique, IUT de Bourges, France
   ATTENUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SKIN MOUNTING TECHNIQUE IN TIBIAL ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT BASED ON THE WAVELET SHRINKAGE
   
2. Anna Hayes, Caroline Jordan & Peter Seitz
   novel Biomechanics Laboratory, Munich, Germany
   IS THE REGIONAL VELOCITY OF THE GAIT LINE A USEFUL PARAMETER IN THE ASSESSMENT OF DYNAMIC FOOT FUNCTION, BAREFOOT AND IN-SHOE?
   
3. Craig Wojcieszak, Peixing Jiang, & E. C. Frederick
   Exeter Research, Inc. Exeter, NH, USA
   A COMPARISON OF TWO FRICTION MEASURING METHODS
   
4. Stefan Grau, Frank Schiebl, Holger Krebs, Stefan Simon
   Institut fuer Sportwissenschaft, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
   THE LINEAR POSITION SENSING SYSTEM: A MEASURING DEVICE TO MEASURE HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS IN THE SHOE
   
5. Erez Morag and Peter R. Cavanagh
   Center for Locomotion Studies, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
   RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC METHODS TO STUDY FOOT STRUCTURE AND LEG MOVEMENT

Other Sessions

Session 5: CLINICAL ASPECTS AND INJURY Chairman: Peter Cavanagh

1. Nachiappan Chockalingam, Murugan L, Das B N, Surendra M and Yogaraj S.
   Gait Analysis Laboratory, C L R I, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
   FOOTWEAR CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NEUROLOGICALLY IMPAIRED SUBJECTS
   
2. Wunching Chang and Ali A. Seireg
   Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
   FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE SKIN AND BLISTER FORMATION
   
3. Charles Milgrom, Ariel Simkin, Aharon Finestone
   Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
   THE EFFECT OF CUSTOM BIOMECHANICAL SHOE ORTHOTICS ON THE INCIDENCE OF FATIGUE FRACTURES IN INFANTRY RECRUITS
   
4. Stefan Grau
   Institut fuer Sportwissenschaft, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
   QUO VADIS SPORT-SHOES? WISH AND REALITY OF PREVENTING INJURIES THROUGH SPORT-SHOES

Other Sessions

Session 6: SPORTS Chairman: Uwe Kersting

1. Bin Xia and John Robinson
   Nike Sport Research Lab, Beaverton, USA
   3D KINEMATIC EVALUATION OF FOOTWEAR STABILITY IN LATERAL MOVEMENTS
   
2. Simon J. Bartold
   University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
   INJURY DRIVEN CHANGE TO THE FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL BOOT.
   
3. Timothy J. Eng & Jonathan B. Fewster
   NIKE Sport Research Lab, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
   GENDER, SIDE AND REGIONAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES DURING SPIKING
   
4. Philippe Freychat
   Decathlon Production, R&D Footwear Department, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
   FOREFOOT ABDUCTION IN VARIOUS SPORTS SITUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION TO SPORT SHOE DESIGN.

Other Sessions

Session 7:PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION Chairman: Martyn Shorten
Sponsored by novel gmbh

1. Axel Kalpen & Peter Seitz
   novel Biomechanics Lab, Munich, Germany
   INFLUENCE OF THE SHOE MECHANICS ON THE LOAD OF THE FOOT DURING THE PUSH-OFF PHASE
   
2. Jonathan B. Fewster & Timothy J. Eng
   NIKE Sport Research Lab, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
   CALIBRATION AND ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE FSCAN SYSTEM
   
3. P. Westblad, T. Hashimoto, N. Murphy, A. Lundberg.
   Dept. of Orthopaedics, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
   METATARSAL LOAD AS A FUNCTION OF SHOE CHARACTERISTICS.
   
4. Caroline Jordan*, Paul Barcroft** and Philip Rees**
   *Novel GmbH, London, UK and **Langer Biomechanics, Stoke on Trent, UK
   VARIATION OF THE IN-SHOE LOADING PATTERNS OF MARATHON RUNNERS.

Other Sessions

Session 8: RUNNING AND RUNNING SHOES Chairman: Keith Williams

1. Gordon Valiant and Robert Borchers
   Nike Inc., Beaverton, USA
   DEVELOPMENT OF A RUNNING SHOE FROM DIGITISED FOOT SHAPES
   
2. Mark Thompson, Simon Luethi, Xavier Kaelin, Sandro Nigg
   adidas International Portland Test Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
   EFFECTS OF RUNNING SHOE SOLE CONSTRUCTION ON DYNAMIC FOOT STABILITY
   
3. Kersting, U.G., Kriwet, A.
   Institute for Athletics and Gymnastics, German Sport University - Cologne; Germany
   THE INFLUENCE OF RESTRICTED REARFOOT MOTION ON IMPACT FORCES DURING RUNNING

Other Sessions

Session 9: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Chairman: Gordon Valiant
Sponsored by Converse, Inc.

1. Mark. J. Lake, B. Bimson, D. Gerssen, S. Nooy, N. Roberts
   School of Human Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University;
   RELATING FOREFOOT STRUCTURE TO DYNAMIC PLANTAR PRESSURE DURING LOCOMOTION.
   
2. Nachiappan Chockalingam and Rajesh E.
   Gait Analysis Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 60002
   EXTERNAL ANKLE TORQUE - A COMFORT PARAMETER FOR FOOTWEAR
   
3. Samuel Lee†, Claude Müller†, Darren Stefanyshyn†, Benno Nigg†, Philippe Freychat‡ †University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada and ‡Decathlon Footwear, France
   FOREFOOT ABDUCTION AND ITS RELATION TO CHANGES IN FOOT LENGTH
   
4. Erez Morag and Peter R. Cavanagh
   Center for Locomotion Studies, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
   CHANGES IN FOOT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ACROSS THE ADULT LIFE SPAN

Other Sessions