22.09.2026 - 08:39:41

Dr. Leonardo Bandarra

New publication by Leonardo Bandarra

What kinds of different understandings of “verification” co-exist in thenon-proliferation treaty (NPT) process? In their new article, Leonardo Bandarra and Lena Herholz investigate this question through a qualitative analysis of 448 working papers submitted between 2003 and 2022. The identifies three benchmark understandings: (1) technocentric: focused on technical measures and innovation; (2) legalistic: centred on legal commitments and procedural obligations, and (3) contextual: linked to the broader geostrategic environment. The authors also highlight how verification can help bridge differences among states and advance progress across all three NPT pillars.