Research Topics
Research Topic Privacy
Publications:| Year | Title | Author | Journal/Proceedings | Publisher | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Computer-Aided Identification and Validation of Intervenability Requirements | Meis, R. & Heisel, M. | Information | ||
| Abstract: Privacy as a software quality is becoming more important these days and should not be underestimated during the development of software that processes personal data. The privacy goal of intervenability, in contrast to unlinkability (including anonymity and pseudonymity), has so far received little attention in research. Intervenability aims for the empowerment of end-users by keeping their personal data and how it is processed by the software system under their control. Several surveys have pointed out that the lack of intervenability options is a central privacy concern of end-users. In this paper, we systematically assess the privacy goal of intervenability and set up a software requirements taxonomy that relates the identi�ed intervenability requirements with a taxonomy of transparency requirements. Furthermore, we provide a tool-supported method to identify intervenability requirements from the functional requirements of a software system. This tool-supported method provides the means to elicit and validate intervenability requirements in a computer-aided way. Our combined taxonomy of intervenability and transparency requirements gives a detailed view on the privacy goal of intervenability and its relation to transparency. We validated the completeness of our taxonomy by comparing it to the relevant literature that we derived based on a systematic literature review. The proposed method for the identi�cation of intervenability requirements shall support requirements engineers to elicit and document intervenability requirements in compliance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Information2017,
year = {2017},
title = {Computer-Aided Identification and Validation of Intervenability Requirements},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta},
journal = {Information},
volume = {8},
number = {30},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/8/1/30},
doi = {10.3390/info8010030}
}
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| 2017 | Towards Systematic Privacy and Operability (PRIOP) Studies | Meis, R. & Heisel, M. | ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection | Springer | |
| Abstract: The assessment of privacy properties of software systems gains more and more importance nowadays. This is, on the one hand because of increasing privacy concerns of end-users due to numerous reported privacy breaches, and on the other hand due to stricter data protection regulations, e.g., the EU General Data Protection Regulation that prescribes an assessment of the privacy implications that a project possibly has. The lack of systematic methods to assist a comprehensive and detailed privacy analysis makes it hard for analysts to address the end-users’ and legal requirements. In this paper, we adopt the principles of the hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies, which have successfully been used for safety analyses, to privacy to provide a systematic method to identify the relevant privacy threats for a software to be developed. We propose a method called privacy and operability (PRIOP) studies that allows to systematically analyze the potential privacy issues that a software to be developed might raise, based on the software’s functionality at the requirements level. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{SEC17,
year = {2017},
title = {Towards Systematic Privacy and Operability ({PRIOP}) Studies},
booktitle = {ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta},
publisher = {Springer},
volume = {502},
series = {IFIP AICT},
pages = {427--441},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58469-0_29},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-58469-0_29}
}
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| 2017 | Pattern-based Representation of Privacy Enhancing Technologies as Early Aspects | Meis, R. & Heisel, M. | Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business | Springer International Publishing | |
| Abstract: Several regulations and standards emphasize that privacy shall already be considered from the very beginning in software development. A crucial point during the development of a privacy-friendly software is the selection and integration of measures that implement speci c privacy requirements or mitigate threats to these. These measures are called privacy enhancing technologies (PETs). PETs have a crosscutting nature. That is, a PET needs often to be integrated into several base functionalities of the software-to-be. For example, anonymization techniques need to be integrated into functionalities that shall reveal originally identi able information in an anonymized form to others. One possibility to handle cross-cutting concerns already on the requirements level is aspect-oriented requirements engineering. In this paper, we show how PETs can be represented as early aspects and how these can be integrated into a given requirements model in problem frames notation. Furthermore, we show how PETs can be represented as patterns to help requirements engineers to identify and select appropriate PETs that address the privacy requirements they have to satisfy. We use the PET Privacy-ABCs (Attribute-Based Credentials) to illustrate our approach. |
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BibTeX:
@inproceedings{TrustBus17,
year = {2017},
title = {Pattern-based Representation of Privacy Enhancing Technologies as Early Aspects},
booktitle = {Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
volume = {10442},
series = {LNCS},
pages = {49--65},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64483-7_4},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-64483-7_4}
}
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| 2016 | Supporting Privacy Impact Assessments using Problem-based Privacy Analysis | Meis, R. & Heisel, M. | Software Technologies - 10th International Joint Conference, ICSOFT 2015, Revised Selected Papers | Springer | |
| Abstract: Privacy-aware software development is gaining more and more importance for nearly all information systems that are developed nowadays. As a tool to force organizations and companies to consider privacy properly during the planning and the execution of their projects, some governments advise to perform privacy impact assessments (PIAs). During a PIA, a report has to be created that summarizes the consequence on privacy the project may have and how the organization or company addresses these consequences. As basis for a PIA, it has to be documented which personal data is collected, processed, stored, and shared with others in the context of the project. Obtaining this information is a difficult task that is not yet well supported by existing methods. In this paper, we present a method based on the problem-based privacy analysis (ProPAn) that helps to elicit the needed information for a PIA systematically from a given set of functional requirements. Our tool-supported method shall reduce the effort that has to be spent to elicit the information needed to conduct a PIA in a way that the information is as complete and consistent as possible. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{CCIS16,
year = {2016},
title = {Supporting Privacy Impact Assessments using Problem-based Privacy Analysis},
booktitle = {Software Technologies - 10th International Joint Conference, {ICSOFT} 2015, Revised Selected Papers},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta},
publisher = {Springer},
volume = {586},
series = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
pages = {79--98},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30142-6_5},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-30142-6_5}
}
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| 2016 | Computer-Aided Identification and Validation of Privacy Requirements | Meis, R. & Heisel, M. | Information | MDPI | |
| Abstract: Privacy is a software quality that is closely related to security. The main difference is that security properties aim at the protection of assets that are crucial for the considered system, and privacy aims at the protection of personal data that are processed by the system. The identification of privacy protection needs in complex systems is a hard and error prone task. Stakeholders whose personal data are processed might be overlooked, or the sensitivity and the need of protection of the personal data might be underestimated. The later personal data and the needs to protect them are identified during the development process, the more expensive it is to fix these issues, because the needed changes of the system-to-be often affect many functionalities. In this paper, we present a systematic method to identify the privacy needs of a software system based on a set of functional requirements by extending the problem-based privacy analysis (ProPAn) method. Our method is tool-supported and automated where possible to reduce the effort that has to be spent for the privacy analysis, which is especially important when considering complex systems. The contribution of this paper is a semi-automatic method to identify the relevant privacy requirements for a software-to-be based on its functional requirements. The considered privacy requirements address all dimensions of privacy that are relevant for software development. As our method is solely based on the functional requirements of the system to be, we enable users of our method to identify the privacy protection needs that have to be addressed by the software-to-be at an early stage of the development. As initial evaluation of our method, we show its applicability on a small electronic health system scenario. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Information16,
year = {2016},
title = {Computer-Aided Identification and Validation of Privacy Requirements},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta},
journal = {Information},
publisher = {MDPI},
volume = {7},
number = {28},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/7/2/28},
doi = {10.3390/info7020028}
}
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| 2016 | Understanding the Privacy Goal Intervenability | Meis, R. & Heisel, M. | Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business | Springer | |
| Abstract: Privacy is gaining more and more attention in society and hence, gains more importance as a software quality that has to be considered during software development. A privacy goal that has not yet been deeply studied is the empowerment of end-users to have control over how their personal data is processed by information systems. This privacy goal is called intervenability. Several surveys have shown that one of end-users’ main privacy concerns is the lack of intervenability options in information systems. In this paper, we refine the privacy goal intervenability into a software requirements taxonomy and relate it to a taxonomy of transparency requirements because transparency can be regarded as a prerequisite for intervenability. The combined taxonomy of intervenability and transparency requirements shall guide requirements engineers to identify the intervenability requirements relevant for the system they consider. We validated the completeness of our taxonomy by comparing it to the relevant literature that we derived based on a systematic literature review. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{TrustBus16,
year = {2016},
title = {Understanding the Privacy Goal Intervenability},
booktitle = {Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta},
publisher = {Springer},
volume = {9830},
series = {LNCS},
pages = {79--94},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-44341-6_6},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-44341-6_6}
}
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| 2015 | Systematic Identification of Information Flows from Requirements to support Privacy Impact Assessments | Meis, R. & Heisel, M. | ICSOFT-PT 2015 - Proc. of the 10th Int. Conf. on Software Paradigm Trends | SciTePress | |
| Abstract: Several countries prescribe or advise government departments and organizations to perform a privacy impact assessment (PIA) if these prepare new projects or change existing ones that involve personal information. A PIA shall summarize what personal information is collected, processed, stored, and distributed in the context of the project. But there is only little support for undertaking a PIA and to create a PIA report, most countries only provide vague guidelines and simple templates. We present in this paper an extension of the problem-based privacy analysis (ProPAn) method that derives information needed to conduct a PIA from a requirements model in problem frame notation. We provide a formally specified method with well-defined steps and tool support to reduce the effort to be spent for eliciting the needed information and to ensure that the needed information is as complete and coherent as possible to form an adequate basis for the creation of a PIA report. |
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BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ICSOFT15,
year = {2015},
title = {Systematic Identification of Information Flows from Requirements to support Privacy Impact Assessments},
booktitle = {{ICSOFT-PT} 2015 - Proc. of the 10th Int. Conf. on Software Paradigm Trends},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta},
publisher = {SciTePress},
pages = {43-52},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005518500430052},
doi = {10.5220/0005518500430052}
}
|
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| 2015 | A Taxonomy of Requirements for the Privacy Goal Transparency | Meis, R., Heisel, M. & Wirtz, R. | Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business | Springer | |
| Abstract: Privacy is a growing concern during software development. Transparency--in the sense of increasing user's privacy-awareness--is a privacy goal that is not as deeply studied in the literature as the properties anonymity and unlinkability. To be compliant with legislation and standards, requirements engineers have to identify the requirements on transparency that are relevant for the software to be developed. To assist the identification process, we provide a taxonomy of transparency requirements derived from legislation and standards. This taxonomy is validated using related research which was identified using a systematic literature review. Our proposed taxonomy can be used by requirements engineers as basis to systematically identify the relevant transparency requirements leading to a more complete and coherent set of requirements. |
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BibTeX:
@inproceedings{TrustBus2015,
year = {2015},
title = {A Taxonomy of Requirements for the Privacy Goal Transparency},
booktitle = {Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business},
author = {Meis, Rene and Heisel, Maritta and Wirtz, Roman},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {LNCS 9264},
pages = {195-209},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005518500430052},
doi = {10.5220/0005518500430052}
}
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| 2014 | A Problem-based Approach for Computer Aided Privacy Threat Identification | Beckers, K., Faßbender, S., Heisel, M. & Meis, R. | Privacy Technologies and Policy | Springer | |
| Abstract: Recently, there has been an increase of reported privacy threats hitting large software systems. These threats can originate from stakeholders that are part of the system. Thus, it is crucial for software engineers to identify these privacy threats, refine these into privacy requirements, and design solutions that mitigate the threats. In this paper, we introduce our methodology named Problem-Based Privacy Analysis (ProPAn). The ProPAn method is an approach for identifying privacy threats during the requirements To capture the environment of the system, e.g., stakeholders and other IT systems, |
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BibTeX:
@inproceedings{APF2012,
year = {2014},
title = {A Problem-based Approach for Computer Aided Privacy Threat Identification},
booktitle = {Privacy Technologies and Policy},
author = {Beckers, Kristian and Fa{\ss}bender, Stephan and Heisel, Maritta and Meis, Rene},
publisher = {Springer},
volume = {8319},
series = {LNCS},
pages = {1-16},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54069-1_1},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-54069-1_1}
}
|
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| 2014 | Problem-Based Consideration of Privacy-Relevant Domain Knowledge | Meis, R. | Privacy and Identity Management for Emerging Services and Technologies | Springer | |
| Abstract: Especially for a privacy analysis, an adequate and accurate consideration of domain knowledge is needed. Domain knowledge is often only implicitly given and mainly stored in the minds of domain experts. It is important to make this implicit knowledge explicit and to use it in the privacy analysis of a software system. To our knowledge, no privacy-aware requirements engineering approach exists yet which explicitly considers the elicitation of privacy-relevant domain knowledge. This paper presents an extension of the problem-based privacy analysis (ProPAn) method. The extension consists of three parts. First, we elicit the relevant domain knowledge based on questionnaires which are derived from the stakeholder analysis literature. Second, we present generic patterns which can be instantiated to represent the elicited knowledge. Last, we extend the definitions of ProPAn's privacy graphs to take into account the domain knowledge. |
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BibTeX:
@incollection{IFIP2013,
year = {2014},
title = {{Problem-Based Consideration of Privacy-Relevant Domain Knowledge}},
booktitle = {Privacy and Identity Management for Emerging Services and Technologies},
author = {Meis, Rene},
publisher = {Springer},
volume = {421},
series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55137-6_12},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-55137-6_12}
}
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| 2014 | Privacy-Aware Cloud Deployment Scenario Selection | Beckers, K., Faßbender, S., Gritzalis, S., Heisel, M., Kalloniatis, C. & Meis, R. | Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business | Springer | |
| Abstract: Nowadays, IT-resources are often out-sourced to clouds to reduce administration and hardware costs of the own IT infrastructure. There are different deployment scenarios for clouds that heavily differ in the costs for deployment and maintenance, but also in the number of stakeholders involved in the cloud and the control over the data in the cloud. These additional stakeholders can introduce new privacy threats into a system. Hence, there is a trade-off between the reduction of costs and addressing privacy concerns introduced by clouds. Our contribution is a structured method that assists decision makers in selecting an appropriate cloud deployment scenario. Our method is based on the privacy requirements of the system-to-be. These are analyzed on basis of the functional requirements using the problem-based privacy threat analysis (ProPAn). The concept of clouds is integrated into the requirements model, which is used by ProPAn to automatically generate privacy threat graphs. |
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BibTeX:
@inproceedings{TrustBus2014,
year = {2014},
title = {Privacy-Aware Cloud Deployment Scenario Selection},
booktitle = {Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business},
author = {Beckers, Kristian and Fa{\ss}bender, Stephan and Gritzalis, Stefanos and Heisel, Maritta and Kalloniatis, Christos and Meis, Rene},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {LNCS 8647},
pages = {94-105},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09770-1_9},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-09770-1_9}
}
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| 2012 | Comparing Privacy Requirements Engineering Approaches [BibTeX] |
Beckers, K. | Proceedings of the International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) - 6th International Workshop on Secure Software Engineering (SecSE 2012) | IEEE Computer Society | |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Beckers2012-ares2,
year = {2012},
title = {Comparing Privacy Requirements Engineering Approaches},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security ({ARES}) - 6th International Workshop on Secure Software Engineering (SecSE 2012)},
author = {Beckers, Kristian},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
pages = {574-581},
url = {http://www.ieee.org/}
}
|
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| 2012 | A Foundation for Requirements Analysis of Privacy Preserving Software | Beckers, K. & Heisel, M. | Proceedings of the International Cross Domain Conference and Workshop (CD-ARES 2012) | Springer | |
| Abstract: Privacy requirements are difficult to elicit for any given software engineering project that processes personal information. The problem is that these systems require personal data in order to achieve their functional requirements and privacy mechanisms that constrain the processing of personal information in such a way that the requirement still states a useful functionality. We present privacy patterns that support the expression and analysis of different privacy goals: anonymity, pseudonymity, unlinkability and unobservability. These patterns have a textual representation that can be instantiated. In addition, for each pattern, a logical predicate exists that can be used to validate the instantiation. We also present a structured method for instantiating and validating the privacy patterns, and for choosing privacy mechanisms. Our patterns can also be used to identify incomplete privacy requirements. The approach is illustrated by the case study of a patient monitoring system. |
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BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Beckers2012-ares3,
year = {2012},
title = {A Foundation for Requirements Analysis of Privacy Preserving Software},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Cross Domain Conference and Workshop (CD-ARES 2012)},
author = {Beckers, Kristian and Heisel, Maritta},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {LNCS 7465},
pages = {1-16},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/}
}
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| 2012 | A privacy preserving approach to Call Detail Records analysis in VoIP systems [BibTeX] |
Quirchmayr, S. H., Beckers, K. & Gerald | Proceedings of the International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) - 7th International Workshop on Frontiers in Availability, Reliability and Security (FARES 2012) | IEEE Computer Society | |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Beckers2012-ares8,
year = {2012},
title = {A privacy preserving approach to Call Detail Records analysis in VoIP systems},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security ({ARES}) - 7th International Workshop on Frontiers in Availability, Reliability and Security (FARES 2012)},
author = {Quirchmayr, Stefan Hofbauer AND Kristian Beckers AND Gerald},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
pages = {307-316},
url = {http://www.ieee.org/}
}
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