Meckenstock Group

The research group is investigating:

1. Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2. Microbial ecology and environmental processes of pollutant degradation
3. Environmental Biotechnology for pollutant attenuation
4. Pathogens in biofilms

1. Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

PAHs belong to the most frequent and hazardous but unfortunately also to the most recalcitrant organic pollutants in the environment. When aquifers or saturated sediments are loaded with high amounts of organic compounds they rapidly turn anoxic. The majority of the microbial degradation has thus to proceed without molecular oxygen as electron acceptor for respiration and as reactive cosubstrate. Thus, microbes have developed alternative biochemical reactions to activate such chemically inert compounds and to overcome the resonance energy for ring cleavage. However, the involved processes of anaerobic PAH degradation are largely unknown.

In the past, we elucidated the anaerobic degradation pathways of 2-methylnaphthalene and naphthalene as model compounds for PAHs (Meckenstock and Mouttaki, Curr. Opp. Biotechnol. 2011). Methylated PAHs are activated via fumarate addition to the methyl group whereas naphthalene is activated by carboxylation producing naphthoic acid (Figure 1) (Mouttaki et al., Environ. Microbiol. 2012). In the following, we discovered novel enzyme reactions such as naphthoyl-CoA-reductase which overcomes the resonance energy of the bicyclic ring system in a two-electron reduction step (Eberlein et al., Environ. Microbiol. 2013).

Currently we are focusing on the elucidation of the central naphthoyl-CoA degradation pathway as an example how the ring system of PAHs can be broken down by microorganisms and are extending this knowledge to studying the anaerobic degradation of larger PAHs.

2. Microbial ecology and environmental processes of pollutant degradation

Recently, we discovered life in oil as a new and extreme habitat on earth (Meckenstock et al., Science 2014). At the world’s largest natural tar lake (Pitch lake, Trinidad-Tobago) we found that microorganisms can thrive in tiny water droplets (1-3 µl) enclosed in the oil ascending in the natural seep. Thus, we propose that biodegradation in oil reservoirs is not only taking place at the oil-water-transition zone but also from within the oil phase via enclosed water (Figure 2). In the frame of a recent ERC-advanced grant to Rainer Meckenstock, we currently study the microbial ecology and degradation processes in such water droplets and what there relevance is for degradation of oil reservoirs.

In contaminated aquifers, not only oxygen but also electron acceptors for anaerobic degradation are quickly used up, which is a major limitation for biodegradation. By employing high resolution monitoring we could show that this leads to a depletion of electron acceptors in the center of the plume and a preferential degradation of pollutants at the contaminant plume fringes. We thus developed the plume fringe concept which replaces the established redox zonation model (Meckenstock et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015). Here, we also study long distance electron transport by cable bacteria which improve the electron flux at the plume fringes by oxygen or nitrated driven sulfide oxidation recycling sulfate.

3. Environmental biotechnology for pollutant attenuation

We are developing remediation technology to overcome electron acceptor limitation. We introduce reactive biobarriers by injecting ironoxide colloids into the ground where they can act as electron acceptors for biodegradation of hydrocarbons (Figure 3) (EU-project Nanorem).

In recent projects, we develop such particles as adsorbents for demobilization of heavy metals. The colloids can be injected into the ground where they precipitate and bind to the aquifer matrix. Heavy metals are then adsorbing to the ferric oxide and stopped from further spreading (EU-project Reground).

Further biotechnical developments are dealing with bioelectrical systems for removal of nitrate and aromatic hydrocarbons from ground and drinking water.

4. Pathogens in biofilms

Biofilms can serve as reservoir and protective habitat for pathogenic microorganisms. Here they can persist and possibly multiply. This represents an important contamination source for water. In the research group “Pathogens in Biofilms”, it is investigated how pathogens can be detected in biofilms. Classical microbiological as well as molecular biological techniques (FISH, PCR-based methods) are employed. Special attention is given to the detection of pathogens in their viable-but-nonculturable state. Furthermore, it is investigated under which conditions they can return to the culturable state and if they are infectious again.
Objectives of the research are:

• To find more accurate methods for detection of pathogens in biofilms,
• To understand the mechanisms underlying settling and persistence of pathogens in biofilms
• To effectively inactivate pathogens in biofilms
• To develop strategies for effective control of water contamination by pathogens originating from biofilms